Комментарий к Блейку/Песни опыта/Божественный образ
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| Источник: частные архивы • Commentary to Blake/A Divine Image |
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Комментарий к Блейку
Песни опыта
Божественный образ
Хотя написано и награвировано Блейком ок. 1791 г. для «Песен опыта», это мрачное и беспощадное по мысли стихотворение не было включено в цикл. По содержанию, стилю и поэтической манере оно далеко опередило своё время, и вероятно поэтому Блейк не видел большого смысла в его обнародовании. Это чеканное восмистишье перечёркивает идеи гуманности, любви, всепрощенья и миролюбия, представленные в одноименном стихотворении из «Песен невинности», показывая глубоко разочарованный взгляд на сущность человека, сотворённого по образу и подобию Божьему, как жестокого, злобного, завистливого и коварного монстра. На гравюре изображён кузнец-силач (вероятно, поэт и мастер Лос), с огромным молотом, ожесточённо вколачивающий в наковальню пылающее Солнце — символ творческого воображения, света и добра.
Дэвид В. Эрдман в своём Полном собрании Блейковских сочинений (1965) после заголовка A DIVINE IMAGE в квадратных скобках приводит: [An early Song of Experience included in one late copy] — «Ранняя Песнь Опыта, включённая в одну из поздних копий», и затем добавляет в комментарии: «Это стихотворение, иллюстрированное изображением молодого кузнеца бьющего молотом по солнцу, имеющему черты человеческого лица и лежащему на его наковальне, было награвированно Блейком, но включено только в одну из им отпечатанных копий (копия BB только недавно обнаруженная). Несколько отдельных оттисков, видимо, были сделаны с пластины после смерти Блейка...»
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Подстрочный перевод:
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Ритм:
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Переводы:
Сердце людское — в груди Бессердечья; |
© Вера Аркадьевна Потапова
Жестокость — сердце человека, |
Вита Тэ
У Злобы — Сердце Человека, |
Вита Тэ
Жестокость — плод людских сердец, |
У Ревности лицо человеческое, |
© Татьяна Воронцова, 2011
Жестоко сердце человечье, |
© Д. Смирнов-Садовский
Жестокость — Человекосердная, |
© Д. Смирнов-Садовский
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© Д. Смирнов-Садовский
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© Д. Смирнов-Садовский
Publication History
| « | Blake never printed this poem with the Songs of Innocence or the Songs of Experience, though he did keep the copper plate.
Блейк никогда не печатал это стихотворение вместе с «Песнями Невинности» и «Песнями Опыта», хотя он хранил награвированную медную пластину. |
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Так, действительно, считали долгое время, пока не было обнаружено, что оно всё-таки было включено в единственную копию (BB). См. комментарий выше. — ДС.
Further Notes
"'A Divine Image' must be read along with 'The Divine Image' in Songs of Innocence, and 'The Human Abstract' in Songs of Experience; but its pessimism about humanity is an altogether different thing from what one finds in the latter of these poems. 'The Human Abstract' asserts that the conventional Christian virtues like 'Mercy, Pity, Peace and Love' are parasitic on evil and bring it about. The 'Cruelty, Jealousy, Terror, and Secrecy' of 'A Divine Image' are to a considerable degree the opposites one by one of those same conventional virtues ('Secrecy' must also be taken with 'Mystery' which appears in stanza four of the other poem). In essence the poem is a sardonic attack on the conventional idea of the Christian God, and the line: 'The Human Face a Furnace seal'd' brings to mind the creative fires of 'The Tyger'. The traditional conception of man as made in the image of God is inverted, and a cruel and vicious deity is seen as in the image of 'the Human Form Divine'. Yet one cannot but find more in the poem also. Whether its foundation is that the terror-God made man in his image, or that man made the idea of a terror-God, man himself remains the image of such a God -- either as his creature or as his creator. The poem is such an attack on Christianity as must spring from disillusionment with regard to humanity as well (Holloway 69).
"It would seem from its title that this poem was intended to be the contrary poem to 'The Divine Image' of Innocence. It can be interpreted as providing the disillusioning discovery that human nature in its most evil moments can exhibit the very opposite of the attributes described in Innocence. It is possible that the poem was designed as a late addition or alternative theme for Experience, written perhaps during a violent revulsion of feeling proposed by the war with France" (Keynes 125)
Hazard Adams points to the inverted quality of the extended metaphor in this poem. The Human Dress, Form, Face, and Heart are equated respectively to the Iron, Forge Furnace, and Gorge. The outermost of the first (Dress) is the innermost of the other (the Iron). The innermost of the first (Heart) is the outermost of the other (Gorge). Adams says that the perception of this inversion arrives with Experience. "In 'A Divine Image' the mental world is made metal, hardened into the selfhood and into matter. Conversely the imagination, or Los, attempts to make mental again the hard, cold abstract, material world of rocks, stones, and forged iron. The mental form of matter is what Blake means by art. . ." (Adams 248-9).
Mercy and Cruelty
See also Human Virtues
According to S. Foster Damon, "Mercy is the first attribute of God for it is the Forgiveness of Sins." He also says that in Blake's works, "Mercy and Justice are sometimes opposed, but the real opposite of Mercy is Cruelty its negation. . . . Cruelty is the Negation of Mercy, but Mercy and Justice are contraries, which ultimately are synthesized for each is essential to the other" (Damon ABD 269).
Human Virtues
Virtue is defined as: "1.The power or operative influence inherent in a supernatural or divine being. 2.Conformity of life and conduct with the principles of morality; voluntary observance of the recognized moral laws or standards of right conduct; abstention on moral grounds from any form of wrong-doing or vice." (Oxford English Dictionary)
These definitions refer to what Blake what label the "The God of the Curse", the divinity of restraint. The status of "Moral Law" in the Innocent view of the divine is ambiguous at best. The virtue of the "human form divine" lies in "delight," which seemingly contradicts the idea of rigorous adherence to abstract moral principles.
Alternately, "virtue" can be used as a verb, meaning "to exert oneself" (OED). This meaning looks to be more in line with the Innocent "divine image." dh
Forge
One should always keep in mind the double meaning of forged -- not only meaning manufactured at a smithy, but also meaning counterfeited.
Orc
See also Urizen
"Blake's Orc seems not only fire and metal worked in fire -- the figure in 'A Divine Image' and the figure created in 'The Tyger' -- but also the heart or core of earth-life opposed to Urizen's skeletal death-figure: a Dionysus both vegetable and mineral-metallic, whose fiery life, even when destructive opposes a deathly Zeus-Urizen. Finally, Orc as 'A Divine Image' of man as a furnace armed and armored reminds us of Mars, and it is as Mars that Los eventually rouses himself at the end of Europe" (Deen 75-76).
Urizen
See also Orc
S. Foster Damon asserts that "A Divine Image" is a portrayal of the psychology of Blake's character Urizen, though he is never named (Damon ABD 422).
The Design
"The extreme violence of Blake's feelings is exhibited in the design. It shews Los, the poet and craftsman, forging the sun, symbol of imagination, into the words of his poem with furious blows of his creative sledge-hammer on the anvil. Afterwards Blake saw that his verses were even more savage than he had intended, and so he abandoned them, though he did not destroy the plate. It is known only as an uncoloured print made a few years after Blake's death" (Keynes 125).
Примечания
- ↑ The poem only appeared in copy BB of the combined Songs of Innocence and of Experience. http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/work.xq?workid=songsie
- ↑ Furnace seal'd — закрытый Горн. Кузнечные горны (печи) бывают двух типов: открытые и закрытые. Закрытый горн имеет ручной привод на вентилятор через мультипликатор, что значительно повышает частоту вращения крыльчатки. Закрытые горны отличаются от открытых тем, что все рабочее пространство их со всех сторон закрыто. См. Кричный передел
См. также:
- Songs of Innocence by William Blake, 1789 / Песни невинности Уильяма Блейка, 1789
- The Divine Image — the poem by William published in Songs of Innocence in 1789.
- Songs of Experience by William Blake, 1794 / Песни опыта Уильяма Блейка, 1794
- A Divine Image — the poem by William Blake written and engraved in c. 1791-94 and possibly intended for Songs of Experience; however, it was not included in the cycle.
- "A DIVINE IMAGE" on "English.uga.edu"
© D. Smirnov-Sadovsky. Translation. Commentary / © Д. Смирнов-Садовский. Перевод. Комментарий
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